Why Do Women Have Longer Lives Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What makes women live longer than men in the present and how have these advantages gotten bigger over time? There is only limited evidence and the evidence isn't strong enough to make an unambiguous conclusion. Although we know that there are biological, behavioral, and environmental factors which all play a part in women's longevity more than males, we aren't sure how much each one contributes.

In spite of how much amount, we can say that at least part of the reason women live longer than men in the present, but not previously, is to do with the fact that several important non-biological aspects have changed. What are these new factors? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. There are others that are more intricate. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, افضل شامبو وبلسم so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. It is clear that every country is above the line of parity diagonally. This means that a newborn girl from every country could be expected to live for longer than her brothers.

It is interesting to note that the advantage of women is present everywhere, country-specific differences are huge. In Russia women live 10 years longer than men, while in Bhutan the gap is just half a year.

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The advantage of women in life expectancy was smaller in developed countries than it is today.
Let's see how the female longevity advantage has changed in the course of time. The following chart shows the male and female life expectancies at birth in the US during the period 1790 to 2014. Two points stand out.

First, there's an upward trend. Both men and women in the US live a lot, much longer than they did 100 years ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

Second, the gap is widening: While the female advantage in life expectancy was quite small but it has risen significantly with time.

It is possible to verify that the points you've listed are applicable to other countries with data by selecting the "Change country" option on the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.