Why Do Women Live Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. Why do women live longer than men in the present and how has this advantage increased in the past? We have only a small amount of evidence and اضيق وضعية للجماع the evidence isn't sufficient to support an unambiguous conclusion. We are aware that behavioral, biological and environmental factors contribute to the fact that women have longer lives than men, however, we do not know what the contribution of each factor is.

In spite of how much amount of weight, اضيق وضعية للجماع we are aware that at least a portion of the reason women live longer than men in the present, but not in the past, is to be due to the fact that several key non-biological factors have changed. What are the factors that are changing? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Others are more complex. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. As you can see, all countries are above the diagonal line of parity - it means that in all nations that a baby girl can be expected to live for longer than a newborn boy.1

This chart shows that, while there is a female advantage throughout the world, the differences between countries could be significant. In Russia women live for 10 years longer than males. In Bhutan the difference is just half a year.

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The advantage for women in life expectancy was less in developed countries than it is now.
Let's take a look at how the female longevity advantage has changed over time. The next chart shows male and female life expectancy at birth in the US between 1790 and 2014. Two points stand out.

There is an upward trend. Both genders in America have longer lives than they did a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

Second, there's an increase in the gap between men and women: female advantage in life expectancy used be very modest however, it has increased significantly in the past century.

You can verify that these are applicable to other countries with information by clicking on the "Change country" option on the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.