Why Do Women Live Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What's the reason why women are more likely to live longer than men? Why is this difference growing in the past? We have only a small amount of evidence and the evidence isn't sufficient to draw an absolute conclusion. We are aware that behavioral, biological and environmental factors all contribute to the fact that women have longer lives than men, however, we do not know how significant the impact of each one of these factors is.

We are aware that women live longer than men, regardless of weight. However this is not due to the fact that certain biological or non-biological factors have changed. What are these factors that have changed? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, افضل شامبو وبلسم (you can try this out) like the fact that men smoke more often. Others are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. It is clear that all countries are over the diagonal line of parity. This means that a newborn girl from any country can expect to live longer than her brother.

The chart above shows that, while the advantage for women is present everywhere, cross-country differences are large. In Russia women live 10 years more than males. In Bhutan there is a difference of only half a year.

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In wealthy countries, the women's advantage in longevity used to be smaller
Let's now look at how the advantage of women in longevity has changed over time. The chart below illustrates the male and female life expectancies at the time of birth in the US in the years 1790-2014. Two aspects stand out.

There is an upward trend. Women and men in America live longer than they did 100 years ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

The second is that there is an increase in the gap between men and women: female advantage in terms of life expectancy used be quite small but it increased substantially over the last century.

You can check if the points you've listed are applicable to other countries with data by selecting the "Change country" option on the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.