Why Are Women Living Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What makes women live longer than men in the present, and why is this difference growing over time? There isn't much evidence and we have only limited solutions. We know there are biological, behavioral, and environmental factors which all play a part in the longevity of women over males, we aren't sure how much each one contributes.

In spite of how much amount, زيوت تطويل الشعر we can say that at least part of the reason why women live so much longer than men do today but not previously, has to do with the fact that several fundamental non-biological factors have changed. These are the factors that are changing. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Others are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that all countries are above the line of parity diagonally. This implies that a baby girl in every country can be expected to live for longer than her younger brother.

This chart shows that, even though women enjoy an advantage everywhere, cross-country differences could be significant. In Russia women are 10 years older than males; while in Bhutan the difference is less than half one year.

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In countries with high incomes, the advantage of women in longevity was previously smaller.
Let's look at how the advantage of women in longevity has changed over time. The chart below illustrates the male and female life expectancies when they were born in the US between 1790 until 2014. Two things stand out.

First, there is an upward trend. Men and women in America live longer than they used to 100 years ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

The second is that there is an ever-widening gap: female advantage in terms of life expectancy used be very small, زيوت تطويل الشعر but it grew substantially in the past century.

You can verify that these are applicable to other countries that have information by clicking on the "Change country" option in the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.