Why Are Women Living Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What's the reason women have a longer life span than men? And how does this benefit increase in the past? There is only limited evidence and the evidence isn't strong enough to make an informed conclusion. We know there are biological, behavioral, and environmental factors that all play a role in the longevity of women over males, it isn't clear the extent to which each factor كيفية إقامة علاقة بالصور plays a role.

In spite of the precise amount of weight, we are aware that at least part of the reason why women live so much longer than men do today however not as in the past, has to do with the fact that a number of important non-biological aspects have changed. These variables are evolving. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Others are more complex. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. As you can see, every country is above the diagonal parity line - this means that in all countries a newborn girl can expect to live for longer than a newborn boy.1

This graph shows that although women have an advantage throughout the world, the differences between countries can be substantial. In Russia women live 10 years longer than men, while in Bhutan the gap is just half an hour.

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The advantage for women in terms of life expectancy was lower in rich countries than it is now.
Let's examine how the gender advantage in life expectancy has changed over time. The chart below shows gender-based and female-specific life expectancy at the birth in the US during the period 1790 to 2014. Two distinct features stand out.

First, there's an upward trend. Both men as well as women in the US live a lot, much longer than they did 100 years ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

The second is that there is an ever-widening gap: female advantage in terms of life expectancy used be quite small however, it has increased significantly over the last century.

Using the option 'Change country' on the chart, confirm that the two points are also applicable to other countries that have available information: Sweden, France and the UK.